花生四烯酸作用

世界卫生组织将2019年由一种称为SARS-CoV-2的流感样病毒引起的冠状病毒疾病描述为大流行病。全球已经有数百万人被这种病毒感染,严重的感染会引起过度炎症,从而破坏肺功能,加剧呼吸困难和死亡。通过花生四烯酸途径生物合成的各种炎性介质在发展细胞因子风暴中起作用,损伤了病毒感染的细胞。由于促炎性类二十烷酸(包括前列腺素和白三烯)是诸如炎症,发烧,过敏和疼痛等生理过程的关键中介,但其在COVID-19中的功能尚不清楚。这项研究通过花生四烯酸途径在炎症级联中解决类花生酸的关键作用,并建议使用生物活性脂质,NSAID,类固醇,细胞磷脂酶A2(cPLA2)抑制剂和专门用于治疗COVID-19疾病的促分解介体(SPM)。还讨论了可溶性环氧水解酶抑制剂(SEHIs)在促进环氧二十碳三烯酸(EETs)和17-羟基-二十二碳六烯酸(17-HDHA)的活性中的作用。评估COVID-19患者或临床前模型中类花生酸谱的其他研究对冠状病毒-宿主相互作用和炎症调节产生了新见解。

花生四烯酸作用

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Role of arachidonic cascade in COVID-19 infection: A review

The World Health Organization has described the 2019 Coronavirus disease caused by an influenza-like virus called SARS-CoV-2 as a pandemic. Millions of people worldwide are already infected by this virus, and severe infection causes hyper inflammation, thus disrupting lung function, exacerbating breath difficulties, and death. Various inflammatory mediators bio-synthesized through the arachidonic acid pathway play roles in developing cytokine storms, injuring virus-infected cells. Since pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, including prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, are key brokers for physiological processes such as inflammation, fever, allergy, and pain but, their function in COVID-19 is not well defined. This study addresses eicosanoid's crucial role through the arachidonic pathway in inflammatory cascading and recommends using bioactive lipids, NSAIDs, steroids, cell phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) inhibitors, and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) to treat COVID-19 disease. The role of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors (SEHIs) in promoting the activity of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and 17-hydroxide-docosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA) is also discussed. Additional research that assesses the eicosanoid profile in COVID-19 patients or preclinical models generates novel insights into coronavirus-host interaction and inflammation regulation.

花生四烯酸 (AA) 途径在心血管生物学、致癌作用和许多炎症性疾病如哮喘、关节炎等中起关键作用。细胞膜内表面的酯化 AA 被磷脂酶 A2 水解成游离形式。 PLA2),进而被环氧合酶 (COX) 和脂氧合酶 (LOX) 和细胞色素 P450 (CYP) 酶进一步代谢为一系列生物活性介质,包括前列腺素、白三烯 (LTs)、环氧二十碳三烯酸 (EET)、二羟基二十碳四烯酸 ( diHETEs)、二十碳四烯酸 (ETEs) 和脂氧素 (LXs)。许多后一种介质被认为是心血管疾病 (CVD)、癌症和炎症性疾病的新型预防和治疗靶点。本综述旨在总结 AA 代谢途径的生理和病理生理学重要性,并概述 AA 与其在 CVD 和癌症进展中的三个主要代谢途径相关的作用的分子机制,将为开发新的 CVD 治疗药物和抗癌剂,例如 EET 或 2J2 抑制剂。因此,我们在此提供了人类健康、心血管和癌症生物学中 AA 代谢的概要,以及参与这些过程的信号通路。为了探索 AA 代谢和潜在疗法的作用,我们还介绍了当前针对不同疾病条件下 AA 代谢的新临床研究。

花生四烯酸作用

"点击查看英文标题和摘要"


Metabolism pathways of arachidonic acids: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets

The arachidonic acid (AA) pathway plays a key role in cardiovascular biology, carcinogenesis, and many inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, arthritis, etc. Esterified AA on the inner surface of the cell membrane is hydrolyzed to its free form by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which is in turn further metabolized by cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to a spectrum of bioactive mediators that includes prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (diHETEs), eicosatetraenoic acids (ETEs), and lipoxins (LXs). Many of the latter mediators are considered to be novel preventive and therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, and inflammatory diseases. This review sets out to summarize the physiological and pathophysiological importance of the AA metabolizing pathways and outline the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of AA related to its three main metabolic pathways in CVD and cancer progression will provide valuable insight for developing new therapeutic drugs for CVD and anti-cancer agents such as inhibitors of EETs or 2J2. Thus, we herein present a synopsis of AA metabolism in human health, cardiovascular and cancer biology, and the signaling pathways involved in these processes. To explore the role of the AA metabolism and potential therapies, we also introduce the current newly clinical studies targeting AA metabolisms in the different disease conditions.

在植物油中普遍含有花生酸,只是含量大多低于1%,只有花生油中含量稍高一些,超过了1%,最过含量可达到2.4%。到是在一些菌藻类、坚果类食物中含量较高,如苔菜中含花生酸23.9%,榛子中含12.6%,此外在其他类食物中也普遍存在,如豆类、肉类、禽类等都有微量存在,一般在1%左右。在鱼类和贝类中花生酸含量高一些,一般在1%~6%不等,鳗鱼、泥鳅等含量较高,最高可达11%。

花生酸具有升高总胆固醇的作用,但是由于在食物中含量不高,一般不会引起人们的重视。

花生酸并非花生独有,绝大多数含有脂肪的食物中都有存在,有些食物中花生酸的含量远远高于花生。

花生四烯酸作用

花生四烯酸是含有四个不饱和双键的多不饱和脂肪酸,是亚油酸的衍生物,故也是必需脂肪酸。花生四烯酸在动物性食物中普遍存在,肉类、鱼类、贝类等含量较多,特别是动物内脏和肾上腺磷脂脂肪酸中含量丰富,含量高达15%以上,动物内脏如猪心最高含15.9%,猪肝最高含15.2%,蛋类也含有花生四烯酸。动物性油脂中普遍含有花生四烯酸,如猪油、牛油等,但含量不大,一般小于1%。在植物性食物和植物油中几乎不含花生四烯酸,仅在苔鲜及蕨类种子油中有微量存在。虽然名称叫花生四烯酸,但在花生中并不存在这种脂肪酸,过去曾有位专家说花生四烯酸是花生油的主要成分,可见,是对花生油脂肪酸成分不了解,望文生义闹成的笑话。如果说花生油中的亚油酸可以演变成花生四烯酸的话,就认为花生四烯酸是花生油的主要成分,这样的说法太牵强了。

花生四烯酸是大脑和视神经发育的重要物质,对提高智力和增强视力有重要作用,是胎儿和婴幼儿的必需脂肪酸;花生四烯酸具有降低总胆固醇,降低血脂和血糖的作用。

花生四烯酸的衍生物具有很强的生物活性,花生四烯酸的代谢产物前列腺素GPⅠ和GP‖具有抑制血管紧张素合成的作用,对高血压病人的高压和低压有明显的降压作用。血栓素TXA2 是血小板中花生四烯酸的一种主要代谢产物,具有促进血小板聚集和诱发血栓形成的作用。在正常的生理状态下,循环在血液中的血栓素TXA2 和前列腺素PGI2 的水平处于相对平衡状态,一旦这种平衡被打破,就会导致血管疾病,如血管堵塞、血管硬化等。

白三烯(LTs)也是花生四烯酸的代谢产物,它不仅可刺激血栓素(TXA2)合成,白三烯LTC4和LTD4可引起明显的血管收缩,它们是强效冠脉血管收缩剂,能降低冠脉血管的血流量。另外白三烯A4是强效致炎症介质,其中L TB4 是重要的白细胞活化物质,使白细胞趋化、聚集、粘附于血管内皮细胞、脱颗粒、释放氧自由基及溶酶体酶,还可增加血管通透性,刺激支气管粘液分泌等。白三烯LTC4和LTD4可收缩小动脉、支气管及胃肠道平滑肌,收缩肾小球毛细血管及系膜细胞,增加血管壁通透性。