公法上請求權消滅時效起算點

按公法與私法，雖各具特殊性質，但二者亦有其共通之原理。而時效制度之目的，係為維持法律之安定性、尊重權利之既存現狀，避免權利人任由權利長期處於停滯狀態，空有權利而不欲行使或任其無期限得行使權利，致使法律關係長期處於不安定，於公法及私法均有相關規定。行政程序法（102年5月22日修正公布前）第131條規定：「（第1項）公法上之請求權，除法律有特別規定外，因5年間不行使而消滅。（第2項）公法上請求權，因時效完成而當然消滅。（第3項）前項時效，因行政機關為實現該權利所作成之行政處分而中斷。」僅就行政機關之請求權時效中斷事宜為規範；惟公法上請求權，除行政機關可能對人民存在請求權外，人民對行政機關亦可能享有請求權，上開行政程序法未規定人民請求權時效中斷事由之法律漏洞，依法理自得類推適用同有時效制度設計而性質相近之民法第129條第1項、第130條規定：「消滅時效，因左列事由而中斷：一、請求。二、承認。三、起訴。」、「時效因請求而中斷者，若於請求後6個月內不起訴，視為不中斷。」予以填補。

關鍵詞：公法上請求權；消滅時效；執行期間；比較法；類推適用中文摘要：行政程序法施行以來，該法第 131 條以下公法上請求權消滅時效之相關規定，在司法實務上產生諸多根本性的疑義。首先是第 131 條第 1 項所稱「公法上之請求權」之意指為何，在解釋與適用上均有其困難；例如法律所定申請期限是否為時效期間？行政執行法所規定之執行期間是否為時效期間？是否限於具財產權性質之公法上請求權？其次，公法上請求權之消滅時效應如何起算？此一問題主要牽涉主觀主義與客觀主義之爭；亦即在起算消滅時效時，應否將請求權人之主觀認知因素納入考量。就前揭疑義，本文檢視行政程序法規定公法上請求權消滅時效制度的立法理由、制度目的；此外，考量行政程序法關於公法上請求權之規定主要係參照德國法制，爰並檢視德國公法學界就此類問題的探討，於此並牽涉類推適用民事法規定之方法問題。以前述三方面的探究為基礎，嘗試就前揭司法實務上之疑義，提出解決的建議方向。
英文關鍵詞： claim right of public law；extinctive prescription；execution time；comparative law；analogy 英文摘要： Since the enforcement of administrative procedure law, the following Art. 131 which are the rules about extinctive prescription of claim right of public law, produced lots of fundamental doubts in judicial practice. At first, what “claim right of public law” in Article 131 Paragraph 1 means, there is difficulty in interpretation and appliance; for example, is the application period set by law the prescription period? Is the execution time in Administrative Execution Act the prescription period? Is it limited to claim right of public law with the character of property rights? Secondly, how starts the extinctive prescription of claim right of public law? This problem is chiefly concerned with the dispute about subjectivism and objectivism; that is, when people starts extinctive prescription whether people considers the subjective cognitive factors of claimants. This article surveys legislation reasons and institutional purposes of the extinctive prescription system under claim right of public law in administrative procedure law; in addition, considering claim right of public law in administrative procedure law referring to German legal system, we check the discussions about this issue in academic circles of public law in Germany. Here the problems about methods of analogy in civil law are involved. Based on the aforementioned three areas, this article tries to bring up the recommended directions of solutions to solve the previous doubts in judicial practice.
目　　次：壹、司法實務見解顯示的疑義
貳、行政程序法規定消滅時效法制的立法經過
參、公法上請求權消滅時效的制度意義
肆、公法上請求權消滅時效的適用範圍
伍、公法上請求權消滅時效的起算
相關法條：相關判解：相關函釋：相關論著：